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  ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION IN A RENT-BASED ECONOMY: THE CASE OF SAUDI ARABIA

  This article analyzes the political-economic transformation of Saudi Arabia over the past decade, framing it as a unique case of authoritarian modernization, post-rentier economic reform, and global geostrategic adaptation. Based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating theories of the rentier state, institutional inertia, and visionary ... This article analyzes the political-economic transformation of Saudi Arabia over the past decade, framing it as a unique case of authoritarian modernization, post-rentier economic reform, and global geostrategic adaptation. Based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating theories of the rentier state, institutional inertia, and visionary governance, the study traces the kingdom�s main vectors of change: economic diversification through Vision 2030, human capital development and social policy transformation, attempts toward ecological sustainability and climate adaptation, and a redefined foreign policy role in a multipolar global order. The article argues that Saudi Arabia is not merely an example of authoritarian resilience but an emerging model of statehood where legitimacy is grounded in performance, global positioning, and control over transnational flows. At the same time, the article underscores the internal constraints of this transformation, particularly institutional rigidity, social fragmentation, and the absence of political inclusion. This research contributes to ongoing debates on hybrid configurations of economic development, state power, and non-liberal forms of modernity.

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  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION FINANCING AND QUALITY IN THE EU AND BULGARIA � A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

  The paper addresses the structure, financing, and quality of primary and secondary school education in the EU and Bulgaria. Education is interpreted both as a process of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and forming competencies and as an activity that encompasses learning, upbringing, and socialization of young people. The research aims to ... The paper addresses the structure, financing, and quality of primary and secondary school education in the EU and Bulgaria. Education is interpreted both as a process of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and forming competencies and as an activity that encompasses learning, upbringing, and socialization of young people. The research aims to identify the reasons behind the unsatisfactory performance of Bulgarian students in international assessments. To this end, the study summarizes the specific features of education financing in Bulgaria and analyzes key indicators that characterize expenditures on primary and secondary education in the EU. From a comparative perspective, it discusses the absolute amount of funding, its share relative to GDP, the student�teacher and teaching staff ratios, as well as the number of teachers and graduates. The paper supports the view that the establishment of schools as centers for training highly qualified, motivated, and competitive professionals largely depends on the efficient use of resources and the possibilities for personalization of the learning process.

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  FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS � FACTORING, CESSION, TAXATION

  The article examines factoring and cession as financial instruments for short-term financing of companies experiencing liquidity difficulties, as well as their role in providing resources to achieve better liquidity. The subject of the study is to outline specific actions and capabilities used for collecting receivables from debtors, as well as ... The article examines factoring and cession as financial instruments for short-term financing of companies experiencing liquidity difficulties, as well as their role in providing resources to achieve better liquidity. The subject of the study is to outline specific actions and capabilities used for collecting receivables from debtors, as well as the similarities and the differences between factoring and cession in their operating activity and their VAT treatment. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the place, role, and capacity of these instruments to release the working capital of companies �frozen by disloyal partners�, thereby enabling the reinvestment of the provided �fresh money� into their ongoing activities. The author�s thesis is to emphasize factoring and cession as financial instruments, stressing their role and significance for economic agents. They are applied to overcome financial difficulties and strengthen business performance.